Diferenças e Desigualdades nas Creches da Zona Leste da Cidade de São Paulo : Um estudo comparativo das condições de trabalho e operação dos CEI diretos e CEI conveniados

The present study conducted an analysis on policies for early children education in the city of Sao Paulo, establishing a comparison between the callled Direct Early Children Education Centers and the Contracted ones. Within this comparison, we find data extremely different on the two ways of managment listed above, regarding hours of teacher training, their rights and gains, the worked hours and amount of professionals involved in each of them. The results demonstrate that, although there are the same responsabilities in both situations, the rights concerning them are completely distinctO artigo apresenta uma análise sobre a política de educaçao infantil na cidade de Sao Paulo, através da comparaçao entre os denominados Centros de Educaçao Infantil Diretos (CEID) e os Conveniados (CEIC). Com essa comparaçao, surgem dados extremamente diferentes entre as duas formas de gestao no que se refere às horas de formaçao de professores, os direitos e ganhos, as horas trabalhadas e a quantidade de profissionais envolvidos nos dois modelos de escola. Os resultados demonstram que, apesar de haver as mesmas atribuiçoes nas duas situaçoes, os direitos sao completamente distinto

BOAS ADMINISTRAÇÕES ELEGEM CANDIDATOS? UMA ANÁLISE DO COMPORTAMENTO DOS ELEITORES EM SETE CAPITAIS BRASILEIRAS NAS ELEIÇÕES DE 2008

Are well evaluated mayors reelected or elect their peers? This article aims at testing the following hypothesis considering the Brazilian 2008 elections, presented by Almeida (2008): is a good government reelected or elects its supporters? The article presents the results of seven Brazilian capitals in 2008. At first I verify if there is a relationship between a well evaluated mayor administration and election success. I consider good administration as the causal variable that explains the victory of the candidate. However, when we analyze the election results from the seven capitals, other variable come up to explain the victory of the candidates in the elections. This means that the variable good administration when considered alone is not enough to explain the success of a political candidate. Using qualitative and quantitative research and developing a detailed analysis of election in Recife in 2008, this article concludes that the good administration variable affects the electoral success of a candidate. And that other variables also matter to explain the electoral victory of the candidate

Indicadores de comportamiento autoritario de líderes políticos: el caso Bolsonaro (2019–2020)

Based on indicators of the authoritarian behavior of political leaders developed by Levitsky and Ziblatt (2018), this paper examines the political discourse, stances, and attitudes of Jair Bolsonaro, president of Brazil, during his first two years in office. The research uses a qualitative case study approach centered on literature review, with emphasis on chapters of books and journal articles, as well as news reports for an empirical observation of the behavior of the president of Brazil concerning rules and institutions of democracy. The essentially authoritarian behavior of Bolsonaro signals a trend toward democratic regression in Brazil; however, it is not technically correct to affirm that Brazil is already being governed through an authoritarian regime.Basándose en los indicadores del comportamiento autoritario de líderes políticos desarrollados por Levitsky y Ziblatt (2018), el autor del artículo examina el discurso político, la postura y las actitudes del presidente de Brasil, Jair Bolsonaro, en los dos primeros años de ejercicio de su mandato. La investigación utiliza un estudio de caso con un enfoque cualitativo basado en la revisión bibliográfica, con un énfasis en los capítulos de libros y artículos científicos, así como los materiales periodísticos, para permitir una observación empírica de la conducta del presidente brasileño frente a las instituciones y las normas democráticas. Se observa que Bolsonaro en realidad tiene un comportamiento autoritario, que señala una tendencia de regresión democrática en Brasil, aunque técnicamente no es correcto afirmar que el país ya esté bajo un régimen autoritario

The Likelihood Ratio Test and Full Bayesian Significance Test under small sample sizes for contingency tables

Hypothesis testing in contingency tables is usually based on asymptotic results, thereby restricting its proper use to large samples. To study these tests in small samples, we consider the likelihood ratio test and define an accurate index, the P-value, for the celebrated hypotheses of homogeneity, independence, and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The aim is to understand the use of the asymptotic results of the frequentist Likelihood Ratio Test and the Bayesian FBST -- Full Bayesian Significance Test -- under small-sample scenarios. The proposed exact P-value is used as a benchmark to understand the other indices. We perform analysis in different scenarios, considering different sample sizes and different table dimensions. The exact Fisher test for $2 \times 2$ tables that drastically reduces the sample space is also discussed. The main message of this paper is that all indices have very similar behavior, so the tests based on asymptotic results are very good to be used in any circumstance, even with small sample sizes

Receptores do factor estimulante de colónias de macrófagos do robalo

Mestrado em Biologia Molecular e CelularO receptor do factor estimulante de colónias de macrófagos, também conhecido como receptor do factor estimulante de colónias-1 (CSF1R), é um receptor de um factor de crescimento hematopoiético que é especificamente expresso em células do sistema fagocítico-mononuclear e desempenha um papel essencial no desenvolvimento e regulação destas células. O CSF1R já foi descrito em vários mamíferos e a sua biologia tem sido exaustivamente caracterizada nestes vertebrados mas o conhecimento sobre esta molécula em peixes é ainda muito reduzido. Neste trabalho é descrita a sequenciação e caracterização de duas formas do CSF1R de robalo (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Foram isolados dois cDNAs diferentes que codificam proteínas homólogas ao CSF1R de outros vertebrados. Um cDNA de 4535 bp, com uma open reading frame (ORF) de 2946 bp que codifica uma proteína de 981 aminoácidos homóloga a proteínas CSF1R1/CSF1Ra já descritas em peixes e um cDNA de 3229 bp, com uma ORF de 2817 bp que codifica uma proteína de 938 aminoácidos homóloga a proteínas CSF1R2/CSF1Rb já descritas em peixes. Ambas as proteínas caracterizadas conservam domínios e aminoácidos chave que são funcional e estruturalmente importantes nos CSF1Rs de mamíferos. A identificação destes receptores irá permitir uma melhor compreensão da biologia das células do sistema fagocítico-mononuclear do robalo. Nomeadamente, poderão ser usados como marcadores específicos deste tipo de células e permitir estudos mais detalhados sobre a immunologia do robalo e dos teleósteos em geral.The macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor, also known as colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R), is a hematopoietic growth factor receptor that is specific of the cells of the mononuclear phagocytic lineage and has a key role in its development and regulation. Several mammalian CSF1R proteins have been described and its biology has been extensively characterized but in fish, knowledge about this receptor is still scarce. We have sequenced and characterized the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) CSF1R molecules. Two different cDNAs coding for proteins homologous to vertebrate CSF1R proteins were isolated. A 4535 bp cDNA, with a 2946 bp open reading frame (ORF) that codes for a 981 amino acid protein, homologous to known bony fish CSF1R1/CSF1Ra proteins and a 3229 bp cDNA, with a 2817 bp ORF that codes for a 938 amino acid protein, homologous to known bony fish CSF1R2/CSF1Rb molecule. Both receptors display a high degree of conservation of domains and key amino acids known to be important functional and structural features of the mammalian counterparts. The identification of these receptors will allow for a better understanding of the biology of sea bass mononuclear phagocytic cells. They can be used as specific markers of sea bass monocytes and macrophages and enable more detailed studies on sea bass immunity

The Noncommutative Doplicher-Fredenhagen-Roberts-Amorim Space

This work is an effort in order to compose a pedestrian review of the recently elaborated Doplicher, Fredenhagen, Roberts and Amorim (DFRA) noncommutative (NC) space which is a minimal extension of the DFR space. In this DRFA space, the object of noncommutativity ($\theta^{\mu\nu}$) is a variable of the NC system and has a canonical conjugate momentum. The DFRA formalism is constructed in an extended space-time with independent degrees of freedom associated with the object of noncommutativity $\theta^{\mu\nu}$. A consistent algebra involving the enlarged set of canonical operators is described, which permits one to construct theories that are dynamically invariant under the action of the rotation group. A consistent classical mechanics formulation is analyzed in such a way that, under quantization, it furnishes a NC quantum theory with interesting results. The Dirac formalism for constrained Hamiltonian systems is considered and the object of noncommutativity $\theta^{ij}$ plays a fundamental role as an independent quantity. It is also explained about the generalized Dirac equation issue, that the fermionic field depends not only on the ordinary coordinates but on $\theta^{\mu\nu}$ as well. The dynamical symmetry content of such fermionic theory is discussed, and we show that its action is invariant under ${\cal P}'$. In the last part of this work we analyze the complex scalar fields using this new framework. As said above, in a first quantized formalism, $\theta^{\mu\nu}$ and its canonical momentum $\pi_{\mu\nu}$ are seen as operators living in some Hilbert space. In a second quantized formalism perspective, we show an explicit form for the extended Poincar\'e generators and the same algebra is generated via generalized Heisenberg relations. We also consider a source term and construct the general solution for the complex scalar fields using the Green function technique